Literary Schools & Movements
By: Dr. Nikkhoo
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Neo-Classicism► Pope (An Essay on Man)-Moliere-Swift (A Modest Proposal)-Boileau-Bacon-Ben Jonson-Corneille-Racine-Voltaire-La Fontaine-Bossuet-La Bruyère-Mm de Lafayette-Addison-Newton
Romanticism►Blake-Wordsworth & Coleridge [(preface to) Lyrical Ballads]-Shelley-Goethe-Rousseau-Hugo-Whitman(Songs of Myself)-Schiller-Lamartin-Schlegel-Pushkin-Lermontov-Leopardi-Manzoni-Mme Stendhal
Transcendentalism►R.W. Emerson (Nature-Self Reliance-The Oversoul) -Thoreau (Walden)-Hawthorne-Melville-Emily Dickenson-Poe
Realism►W.D. Howells-E.A. Robinson-Tolstoy-Balzac-George Eliot-Flaubert-Charles Dickens-Dostoyevsky-Henry James-Turgenev-Dos Passos-Hemingway-Chekhov-Shaw-Ibsen-Twain
Naturalism► Thomas Hardy (Hap-Jude the Obscure-Tess of the D'Urbervilles-The Mayer of Casterbridge)-D. H. Lawrence-John Steinbeck-Emile Zola-Theodore Dreiser-O'Neill-Jack London-Frank Norris-Maupassant-Crane (The Open Boat)
Symbolism► Rilke-Rimbaud-P.Valery-Yeats (Byzantium)-T.S. Eliot (Waste Land)-Verlaine-Mallarme-Blake-Poe-Ibsen-Lorca-Huxley-Pound-Lawrence-Maurice Maeterlinck-Guillaume Apollinaire-Arthur Rimbaud-Baudelaire(Les Fleurs du Mal)-Strindberg-Shelley
Modernism►e. e. commings-Hedayat-T.S. Eliot-James Joyce (The Dead)-Woolf-Gertrude Stein-Kafka-Rilke-Marcel Proust-Yeats-Andre Gide-Nima Yushij-Shamlou-Forugh Farrokhzad-Chubak-Golshiri-Wallace Stevens-Hemingway-Faulkner-W. Auden-Lawrence-Camus-Sartre-Mallarme-Thomas Mann-O'Neill-T.Williams-Rimbaud-Woolf-K. Mansfield-Maugham-Shaw-Conrad-Beckett-Roethke-Frost-Pound-Pirandello
Art for Art's Sake►Walter Pater-Poe-Wilde-Keats
Cubism►Picasso-Apollinaire-Jean Cocteau
Impressionism► Pissarro-Monet-Renoir-Edgar Degas-Rilke-Hafmannsthal-Conrad-Woolf-Mann (Magic Mountain)-Hesse
Expressionism►Reinhard-Piscator-Eliot (The Waste Land)-Kafka-O'Neill (Emperor Jones-Hairy Ape)-Buchner (Woyzeck)-Strindberg-Meyerhold-Arthur Miller-ƠCasey-Kafka(The Castle-The Trial)-Fritz Lang(Metropolis)-Robert Weine(The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari)-F.W. Murnau(Nosferatu)
Dadaism► Tristan Tzara-Jean Arp-Max Ernst-Louis Aragon-Duchamp-Andre Breton-Paul Éluard
Surrealism►Andre Breton (Manifesto)-Louis Aragon-Paul Alvar-Jean Cocteau-Kafka (Country Doctor) - Thomas Dylan-Lewis Carroll (Alice in Wonderland)-Bunuel (An Andalucian Dog),(The Golden Age) -Salvador Dali-Apollinaire-Paul Eluard-Rene Char-Lorca-Andre Masson-Rene Magritte-Joan Miro- Stoppard (After Magritte)
Futurism►Marinetti-Vladimir Mayakovski-Valery-Paul Morand-Umberto Boccioni-Percy Wyndham Lewis-Apollinaire-Pound
Existentialism►John Barth (life-Story)-Camus (The Guest)-Sartre-Beckett-Arthur Miller-Pinter (The Dumb Waiter)-John Barth-Heidegger-Nietzsche-Kierkegaard-Merleu Ponty-Jaspers-Dostoyevsky-de Beauvoir-Faulkner-Shakerpeare(Hamlet)-Sophocles(Oedipus Rex)-Kafka-Malraux-Ionesko-Updike-Norman Mailer
Literature of the Absurd/Absurdism►Stoppard-Pinter(The Homecoming)-Beckett-Camus (The Myth of Sisyphus)-Jean Genet-Ionesco-Heller (Catch-22)-Albee-Martin Esslin-Arrabal-Adamov-Durrenamatt-Peter Weiss (Marat/Sade)
Magic Realism►Marquez (One Hundred Years of Solitude)-Borges-Milan Kundera-Gunter Grass-John Fowles-Italo Calvino-Angela Carter
Postmodernism►John Cage-Toni Morrison-Kafka-Beckett-John Fowles (The French Lieutenants Woman)-Anthony Burgess (A Clockwork Orange)-V. Nabokov (Lolita-Pale Fire)-John Barth-Nietzsche-Borges-Lawrence Sterne-James Joyce-Stoppard-Updike-Joseph Heller (Catch-22)
Imagism►Hilda Doolittle.-Ezra Pound- Haiku-T.E.Hulme-Amy Lowell-D.H. Lawrence-W.C.Williams
Post-Colonialism►Achebe (Things Fall Apart)-Jean Rhys (Wide Sargasso Sea)-Eduard Sard-Linton Kwesi Johnson-Ngugi Wa Thiong'o - Spivak –Wole Soyinka-V.S. Naipaul-Mervyn Morris-Ruby Langford-Frantz Fanon-J.M.Coetzee-Aimé Césaire-E. K. Brathwaite-Homi k Bhabha-Michael Ondaatje (The English Patient) -Hanif Kureishi-Mudrooroo(Writing from the Fringe)-D. Walcott(Omeros)-Jamaican Kincaid-Toni Morison(Beloved)-Lorna Goodison-Alice Walker(The Color Purple)-George Lamming-Brathwaite(Rights of Passage)-Ralph Ellison
Expressionism (in Painting) ►Gauguin-Cezanne-Matisse-Van Gogh
Socialist Realism►Steinbeck-Sinclair Lewis-John Dos Passos-Doris Lessing-Anthony Powell-C.P. Snow-Alan Sillitoe-Kingsley Amis-Clifford Odets-Arnold Wesker-Auden-Stephan Spender-C.D. Lewis
Minimalism►Philip Glass-Pinter-Albee-Beckett (Breath)-Borges-Haiku
Saturday, July 24, 2010
Wednesday, July 21, 2010
As I Walked Out One Evening
by W. H. Auden
As I walked out one evening,
Walking down Bristol Street,
The crowds upon the pavement
Were fields of harvest wheat.
And down by the brimming river
I heard a lover sing
Under an arch of the railway:
'Love has no ending.
'I'll love you, dear, I'll love you
Till China and Africa meet,
And the river jumps over the mountain
And the salmon sing in the street,
'I'll love you till the ocean
Is folded and hung up to dry
And the seven stars go squawking
Like geese about the sky.
'The years shall run like rabbits,
For in my arms I hold
The Flower of the Ages,
And the first love of the world.'
But all the clocks in the city
Began to whirr and chime:
'O let not Time deceive you,
You cannot conquer Time.
'In the burrows of the Nightmare
Where Justice naked is,
Time watches from the shadow
And coughs when you would kiss.
'In headaches and in worry
Vaguely life leaks away,
And Time will have his fancy
To-morrow or to-day.
'Into many a green valley
Drifts the appalling snow;
Time breaks the threaded dances
And the diver's brilliant bow.
'O plunge your hands in water,
Plunge them in up to the wrist;
Stare, stare in the basin
And wonder what you've missed.
'The glacier knocks in the cupboard,
The desert sighs in the bed,
And the crack in the tea-cup opens
A lane to the land of the dead.
'Where the beggars raffle the banknotes
And the Giant is enchanting to Jack,
And the Lily-white Boy is a Roarer,
And Jill goes down on her back.
'O look, look in the mirror,
O look in your distress:
Life remains a blessing
Although you cannot bless.
'O stand, stand at the window
As the tears scald and start;
You shall love your crooked neighbour
With your crooked heart.'
It was late, late in the evening,
The lovers they were gone;
The clocks had ceased their chiming,
And the deep river ran on.
Synopsis
W. H. Auden once defined light verse as the kind that is written by poets who are democratically in tune with their audience and whose language is straightforward and close to general speech. Given that definition, the 123 poems in this collection all qualify; they are as accessible as popular songs yet have the wisdom and profundity of the greatest poetry.
As I Walked Out One Evening contains some of Auden's most memorable verse: "Now Through the Night's Caressing Grip," "Lullaby: Lay your Sleeping Head, My Love," "Under Which Lyre," and "Funeral Blues." Alongside them are less familiar poems, including seventeen that have never before appeared in book form. Here, among toasts, ballads, limericks, and even a foxtrot, are "Song: The Chimney Sweepers," a jaunty evocation of love, and the hilarious satire "Letter to Lord Byron." By turns lyrical, tender, sardonic, courtly, and risqué, As I Walked Out One Evening is Auden at his most irresistible and affecting.
Annotation
Following the success of Tell Me the Truth About Love, this warm, delightful, and sometimes uproarious collection of Auden's lighter poems includes 13 poems never previously published. Full of verse that's fun and approachable, this collection includes love poems, dramatic verses, operatic songs, toasts, a few baudy limericks, and much more.
by W. H. Auden
As I walked out one evening,
Walking down Bristol Street,
The crowds upon the pavement
Were fields of harvest wheat.
And down by the brimming river
I heard a lover sing
Under an arch of the railway:
'Love has no ending.
'I'll love you, dear, I'll love you
Till China and Africa meet,
And the river jumps over the mountain
And the salmon sing in the street,
'I'll love you till the ocean
Is folded and hung up to dry
And the seven stars go squawking
Like geese about the sky.
'The years shall run like rabbits,
For in my arms I hold
The Flower of the Ages,
And the first love of the world.'
But all the clocks in the city
Began to whirr and chime:
'O let not Time deceive you,
You cannot conquer Time.
'In the burrows of the Nightmare
Where Justice naked is,
Time watches from the shadow
And coughs when you would kiss.
'In headaches and in worry
Vaguely life leaks away,
And Time will have his fancy
To-morrow or to-day.
'Into many a green valley
Drifts the appalling snow;
Time breaks the threaded dances
And the diver's brilliant bow.
'O plunge your hands in water,
Plunge them in up to the wrist;
Stare, stare in the basin
And wonder what you've missed.
'The glacier knocks in the cupboard,
The desert sighs in the bed,
And the crack in the tea-cup opens
A lane to the land of the dead.
'Where the beggars raffle the banknotes
And the Giant is enchanting to Jack,
And the Lily-white Boy is a Roarer,
And Jill goes down on her back.
'O look, look in the mirror,
O look in your distress:
Life remains a blessing
Although you cannot bless.
'O stand, stand at the window
As the tears scald and start;
You shall love your crooked neighbour
With your crooked heart.'
It was late, late in the evening,
The lovers they were gone;
The clocks had ceased their chiming,
And the deep river ran on.
Synopsis
W. H. Auden once defined light verse as the kind that is written by poets who are democratically in tune with their audience and whose language is straightforward and close to general speech. Given that definition, the 123 poems in this collection all qualify; they are as accessible as popular songs yet have the wisdom and profundity of the greatest poetry.
As I Walked Out One Evening contains some of Auden's most memorable verse: "Now Through the Night's Caressing Grip," "Lullaby: Lay your Sleeping Head, My Love," "Under Which Lyre," and "Funeral Blues." Alongside them are less familiar poems, including seventeen that have never before appeared in book form. Here, among toasts, ballads, limericks, and even a foxtrot, are "Song: The Chimney Sweepers," a jaunty evocation of love, and the hilarious satire "Letter to Lord Byron." By turns lyrical, tender, sardonic, courtly, and risqué, As I Walked Out One Evening is Auden at his most irresistible and affecting.
Annotation
Following the success of Tell Me the Truth About Love, this warm, delightful, and sometimes uproarious collection of Auden's lighter poems includes 13 poems never previously published. Full of verse that's fun and approachable, this collection includes love poems, dramatic verses, operatic songs, toasts, a few baudy limericks, and much more.
AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE, PART 1
IN HIS NAME
BY NIKKHOO
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Old English Literature 600 AD – 1066
2 Medieval Period 1066--1450/1485/1500
3 The Renaissance 1450/1485/1500--1660
4 The NeoClassical Period1660 – 1798
• Restoration
• Augustan
• Age of sensibility
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Old English Literature 600 AD – 1066
Romans Romans
Celts Anglo-Saxons Celts went to Ireland, Scotland, Cornwall, and Wales
Angles
Saxons
Jutes
Celts — Romans — Anglo-Saxons
Anglo-Saxons started 7 empires called the Heptarchy:
Sussex , Wessex , Essex , Kent, Mercia, East Anglia, Northumbria
Beowulf
Lyrics /Elegies
Deor’s lament (First elegy)
Wulf and Eadwacer
The wife’s lament
The Husband’s Message
The Ruin
The Seafearer
The Wanderer
Bede
Cadmon
Cynwulf
King Alfred
1. Translated “Concerning the Consolation of Philosophy” of Boethias.
2. Historia Universalias
3. The Battle of Malden – (Danish Attack)
Aelfric
2 Medieval Period 1066--1450/1485/1500
The western drama began in Greece.
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes (comedian)
Tragedians
Rome: Palautus and Terence , Seneca
Comedians Tragedian
Layamon
William Langland
Geoffrey of Monmouth
Geoffrey Chaucer
King Arthur
Sir Gawain and the Greene Knight
Ballads
Mystery, Miracle and Morality plays--------------Everyman
Sir Thomas Malory
Roman Church
5th cent 15th cent
1066
Medieval literature
Geoffrey Chaucer 1343 – 1400
French –Italian – English periods
Troilus & Criseide 1385
Canturbury Tales-- (24/7 tales)-- (1387- 1400) --Harry Baily – the Tabard Inn owner
Le Roman de la Rose
The Book of Duchess
The House of Fame
The Parliament of Fowls --The Legend of Good Women
3 The Renaissance 1450/1485/1500--1660
1492- Discovery of America.
EUROPE
Wool Sugar etc
etc
AFRICA CARRIBEAN COUNTRIES
(New World) Slaves
10 millions slaves were transferred to America in 340 years.They worked free on plantations
1456= Invention of the printing machine.
1531= Henry VIII broke with Pope
1570= Martin Luther broke with Pope
1588= Spanish Armada
In 1543 the polish astronomer Copernicus proved that earth went around the sun.
Western Rome Empire 27BC-476 in Rome
Rome
Easter Roman Empire 395-1453 in Constantinople (Istanbul)
Sir Thomas Wyatt: 1503-1542
(introduced sonnet)
Henry Howard (Surrey): 1517-47:
introduced blank verse
Aeneid-- trans.
Sir Walter Ralegh (1552- 1618)
tobacco
The History of the World 1614
A Discovery of the Empire of Guyana
Michael Drayton 1563-1631
Idea’s Mirror --- a sonnet sequence
There is no Help
Endimion & Phoebe
Piers Gaveston
The Shepherds Calender
Samuel Daniel 1562- 1619
Delia -- a sonnet cycle
A Defense of Rhyme
Edmund Spencer: 1552- 1599
A melodramatic poet. a great non-dramatic poet. archaism.
Spenserian stanza.
Amoretti--(Epithalamion)
Faerie Queene: in 6 books
Colin Clouts Come Home Again-- 1595: a pastoral
Four Hymns
Epithalamion
Shepherds Calendar -- a pastoral in 12 books (12 months)
Prothalamion
Daphnaida
A View of the Present State of Ireland
Sir Philip Sidney: 1554- 1586
Apology for Poetry 1595
Arcadia: a pastoral (prose)
Astrophel & Stella -- 108 sonnets
Sir Thomas More: 1478- 1535
was a Humanist like Erasmus.
A Man for all Season by Bolt
In Latin: Utopia 1515-16 in 2 books
In English: The Apology of Sir Thomas More – Supplication of Richard III – A Dialogue of Comfort- The Life of John Picus.
Christopher Marlowe
1. Tamburlane the Great (تیمور لنگ) = Lust for power.
2. The Jew of Malta = Lust for Money
3. Doctor Faustus = Lust for knowledge
4. Edward II = first chronicle play in English literature
William Shakespeare
A Mid-Summers Night’s Dream
Henry V
Romeo and Juliet.
Julius Caesar
The Taming of the Shrew, which is a farce.
Henry IV
All’s Well That Ends Well.
Much Ado About Nothing..
Coriolanus
Troilus and Cressida.
Anthony and Cleopatra
Timon of Athens
Cymbeline
The Two Gentleman of Verona.
Comedy of Errors.
The Tragedy of Titus Andronicus
The Merchant of Venice.
King Lear:
Othello:
Macbeth:
Hamlet:
The Tempest:
In the 17th century there were three important poetry schools
1- Metaphysical (Donne). 2- Cavelier (Ben Jonson). 3- Spencerian (Milton).
Cavaliers: Suckling—Thomas Carew—Richard Lovelace—Robert Herrick
Robert Greene
James Shirley
Important prose writers of the Renaissance:
Raphael Holinshed
Sir Thomas Brown
Robert Burton
Francis Bacon
John Bunyan (The Pilgrim’s Progress)
Thomas North
John Lyly
John Lyly: 1554 – 1606
Euphues (a novel)
Endimion-- Campaspe – comedies
Mother Bombie – Midas
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Idols of tribe, idols of cave, idols of market-place, idols of theatre - inductive
Averroist : double truth ( 1. reason 2.revelation )
Knowledge is power
1) The New Atlantis
2) The Advancement of Learning
3) The History of Henry VII
4) Novum Organum
5) Maxims of the Law
6) Essays
Izaak Walton 1593-1683
The Complete Angler
Lives (1640-78)
Samuel Butler 1612-80
Hudibras
Elephant in the Moon
Sir Thomas Browne 1605-82
Religio Medici
The Garden of Cyrus
Vulgar Errors
Urn Burial
Ben Jonson: (1572-1637)
He wrote 20 plays. father of criticism. poet [maker].
first Classicist. unity of action. first poet laureate.
((It nourishes & instructs our youth )). wrote 2 tragedies & 5 comedies. true founder of epigram. Sons of Ben
I wish he (Shakespeare) had “blotted a 1000[lines]”
Donne “for not keeping of accent, deserved hanging”
Horace’s Ars Poetica --Trans.
The Sad Shepherd, or A Tale of Robinhood : a pastoral
Timber or Discoveries: an anthology
Bartholomew Fair
To Penshurst -- To Chairs – To Himself
A Tale of a Tub: a comedy
Sejanus: his Fall
Eastward Hoe (collaborated with Marston & Chapman )
The Poetaster
Everyman in his Humor –a comedy
Everyman in out of his Humor–a comedy
Cynthia’s Revels
Volpone
Epicoene,or,The Silent Woman
The Alchemist
The Devil is an Ass
The Staple of News
The New Inne
George Chapman (1554- 1634):
stoic
Bussy D’Ambois
The Revenge of Bussy D’Ambois
Eastarard Hoe: ( with Marston & Jonson )
Homer (heroic poem)
Odessey
Ovid’s Banquet of Sense
Homer’s trans.
John Marston:
Antonio’s Revenge – Antonio & Mallida -
The Malcontent
Cyril Tourner : 1575- 1626.
The Revenger’s Tragedy
The Atheist Tragedy
Thomas Middleton: 1570- 1627.
A Trick to Catch the Old One
The Mad World – Michaelmes Terme –
The Roaring Girl – A Chaste Maid in Cheapside –
The Spanish Gipsy (a tragi-comedy)
John Ford :( 1586- 1639)
The Broken Heart
Tis Pity She’s a Whore
Thomas Heywood:
A Woman Killed with Kindness
The English Traveler
Thomas Kyd: 1558- 94: The Spanish Tragedy
George Peele: (1556-96)
The Old Wive’s Tale – The Arraignment of Paris
Thomas Dekker 1570 – 1632 :
Golden slumbers kiss your eyes
The Shoemaker’s Holiday –The Honest Whore – Old Fortunatus
Robert Greene : Friar Bacon & Friar Bungay
Nicholas Udall : Ralph Roister Doister
William Stevenson : Grammer Gorton’s Needle
Francis Beaumont & John Fletcher:
A King, No King
The Maid’s Tragedy
Thomas Norton & Thomas Sackville
Gorboduc or Ferrex & Porrex : first tragedy in 1561
John Webster: 1580- 1625
The White Devil – The Duchess of Malfi
Philip Massinger 1583- 1640:
A New Way to Pay Old Debts – The City Madman- The Maid of Honour – The Fatal Dowry
Sir William Davenant: 1606- 1668:
Love & Honor
Metaphysical Poets --- religious or secular
John Donne
Andrew Marvell
George Herbert
Richard Crashaw
Henry Vaughn
Traherne
Abraham Cowley
Commonwealth Period = Civil War = Puritan
1500 1649 1660
John Milton: 1608 -1674
On The Morning of Christ’s Nativity
L’Allegro
Il Penseroso
Arcades (a masque)
The Doctrine & Discipline of Divorce – Of Education
Of Reformation – Areopagitica- Image Breaker
Paradise Lost
Paradise Regained
Samson Agonistes
Lycidas
Comus, a Mask
John Bunyan
Pilgrim’s progress
4 The NeoClassical Period1660 – 1798
• Restoration
• Augustan
• Age of sensibility
Renaissance Augustan Romanticism
1550 1660 1700 1745 1798 1832
Restoration Age of sensibility
The Restoration
John Dryden 1631-1700
First great critic, the beginning of modern prose.
Alexander’s Feast
Song for Saint Cecilia’s Day
Conquest of Granada
Aureng-zebe
Don Sebastian
Astraea Redux
The Hind & the Panther
An Essay of Dramatic Poesy – Absalom & Achitophel – All for Love – The Model – Annus Mirabilis (The Year of Wonders) – To Anne Killigrew –Religio Laici
Marriage a-la-Mode
Mac Flecknoe
Fables: Ancient & Modern
George Etherege : 1634- 91
comedy of manners
Love in a Tub – She Would If She Could –
The Man of Mode – The Comical Revenge
William Congreve 1670- 1729:
The Way of the World-- The Old Bachelor –
The Double Dealer – Love for Love
William Wycherley: 1640-1716.
founder of the Restoration comedy
The Country Wife – The Plain Dealer –
Love in a Wood
The Gentleman Dancing-Master
Jeremy Collier 1650-1726:
A Short View of the Immorality & Profaneness of the English Stage
Thomas Shadwell (1642- 92): The Sullen Lovers-- Bury Fair
Sir John Vanbrugh (1667 -1726):
The Relaxed – The Provoked Wife – The Confederacy
Colley Cibber: 1671- 1757. Loves Last Shift
George Farquhar
Samuel Pepys
Commonwealth
or puritan period Augustan Romantic
1649 1660 1700 1745 1798 1832
Restoration Age of sensibility Victorian
1900-1901 1945
Modern
NOVEISTS
Daniel Defoe
Henry Fielding
Samuel Richardson
Tobias Smolett
Lawrence Stern
PHILOSOPHERS
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Izaak Newton
Dr. Samuel Johnson 1704-84
Vanity of Human Wishes – Rasselas
London– Life of Johnson (by Boswell) – Preface to Shakespeare – Lives of the English Poets—A Dictionary of the English Language--
The Idler- The Rambler
The Club (Burke – Goldsmith – Sir John Hawkins)
Edward Gibbon 1737- 1794:
The History of the Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire (98-1453)
Richard Steele 1772-96: sentimentalism
Funeral – The Lying Lover – The Tender Husband – The Conscious Lover
The Tatler
Joseph Addison 1672-1719: The Spectator
John Gay 1685-1737:
Beggar’s Opera – Fables – The Wife of Bath-- Three Hours After Marriage --Trivias, or The Art of Walking the Streets
Alexander Pope: 1688-1744
Essay on Man – Essay on Criticism
Eloisa to Abelard -- The Rape of The Locke – Windsor Forest – Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot – The Dunciad – Moral Essays
Trans. of Iliad & Odessey
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
A Tale of a Tub – A Modest Proposal –
Gulliver’s Travels
A Meditation upon a Broom-stick
The Battle of Books-- Journal to Stella –
Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift
Richard Brinsley Sheridan: 1751- 1816
The Rivals: (Mr. Malaprop)
The School for Scandal
The Critic
AGE OF SENSIBILITY
James Thomson 1700- 1748:
The Seasons – The Castle of Indolence –Hymn on Solitude – Rule Britannia – Tragedy of Sophonisba
Thomas Wharton 1728-1790:
The Pleasure of Melancholy
History of English Poetry
Ode on the Approach of Summer
William Collins: 1720 – 59:
Persian Eclogues / Oriental Eclogues.
Ode to Evening, Ode to Liberty, Ode to Simplicity,
Odes on Several Descriptive & Allegorical Subjects
Thomas Gray 1716-71:
Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College
Ode on Favorite Cat
An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
The Bard
The Progress of Poesy
Pindaric Odes
Edward Young 1683-1765:
The Complaint or Night Thoughts on Life, Death & Immortality
Love of Fame
William Cowper 1731-1800:
The Task
Robert Burns 1754-1796:
To a Mouse
A Red Red Rose
BY NIKKHOO
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1 Old English Literature 600 AD – 1066
2 Medieval Period 1066--1450/1485/1500
3 The Renaissance 1450/1485/1500--1660
4 The NeoClassical Period1660 – 1798
• Restoration
• Augustan
• Age of sensibility
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Old English Literature 600 AD – 1066
Romans Romans
Celts Anglo-Saxons Celts went to Ireland, Scotland, Cornwall, and Wales
Angles
Saxons
Jutes
Celts — Romans — Anglo-Saxons
Anglo-Saxons started 7 empires called the Heptarchy:
Sussex , Wessex , Essex , Kent, Mercia, East Anglia, Northumbria
Beowulf
Lyrics /Elegies
Deor’s lament (First elegy)
Wulf and Eadwacer
The wife’s lament
The Husband’s Message
The Ruin
The Seafearer
The Wanderer
Bede
Cadmon
Cynwulf
King Alfred
1. Translated “Concerning the Consolation of Philosophy” of Boethias.
2. Historia Universalias
3. The Battle of Malden – (Danish Attack)
Aelfric
2 Medieval Period 1066--1450/1485/1500
The western drama began in Greece.
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes (comedian)
Tragedians
Rome: Palautus and Terence , Seneca
Comedians Tragedian
Layamon
William Langland
Geoffrey of Monmouth
Geoffrey Chaucer
King Arthur
Sir Gawain and the Greene Knight
Ballads
Mystery, Miracle and Morality plays--------------Everyman
Sir Thomas Malory
Roman Church
5th cent 15th cent
1066
Medieval literature
Geoffrey Chaucer 1343 – 1400
French –Italian – English periods
Troilus & Criseide 1385
Canturbury Tales-- (24/7 tales)-- (1387- 1400) --Harry Baily – the Tabard Inn owner
Le Roman de la Rose
The Book of Duchess
The House of Fame
The Parliament of Fowls --The Legend of Good Women
3 The Renaissance 1450/1485/1500--1660
1492- Discovery of America.
EUROPE
Wool Sugar etc
etc
AFRICA CARRIBEAN COUNTRIES
(New World) Slaves
10 millions slaves were transferred to America in 340 years.They worked free on plantations
1456= Invention of the printing machine.
1531= Henry VIII broke with Pope
1570= Martin Luther broke with Pope
1588= Spanish Armada
In 1543 the polish astronomer Copernicus proved that earth went around the sun.
Western Rome Empire 27BC-476 in Rome
Rome
Easter Roman Empire 395-1453 in Constantinople (Istanbul)
Sir Thomas Wyatt: 1503-1542
(introduced sonnet)
Henry Howard (Surrey): 1517-47:
introduced blank verse
Aeneid-- trans.
Sir Walter Ralegh (1552- 1618)
tobacco
The History of the World 1614
A Discovery of the Empire of Guyana
Michael Drayton 1563-1631
Idea’s Mirror --- a sonnet sequence
There is no Help
Endimion & Phoebe
Piers Gaveston
The Shepherds Calender
Samuel Daniel 1562- 1619
Delia -- a sonnet cycle
A Defense of Rhyme
Edmund Spencer: 1552- 1599
A melodramatic poet. a great non-dramatic poet. archaism.
Spenserian stanza.
Amoretti--(Epithalamion)
Faerie Queene: in 6 books
Colin Clouts Come Home Again-- 1595: a pastoral
Four Hymns
Epithalamion
Shepherds Calendar -- a pastoral in 12 books (12 months)
Prothalamion
Daphnaida
A View of the Present State of Ireland
Sir Philip Sidney: 1554- 1586
Apology for Poetry 1595
Arcadia: a pastoral (prose)
Astrophel & Stella -- 108 sonnets
Sir Thomas More: 1478- 1535
was a Humanist like Erasmus.
A Man for all Season by Bolt
In Latin: Utopia 1515-16 in 2 books
In English: The Apology of Sir Thomas More – Supplication of Richard III – A Dialogue of Comfort- The Life of John Picus.
Christopher Marlowe
1. Tamburlane the Great (تیمور لنگ) = Lust for power.
2. The Jew of Malta = Lust for Money
3. Doctor Faustus = Lust for knowledge
4. Edward II = first chronicle play in English literature
William Shakespeare
A Mid-Summers Night’s Dream
Henry V
Romeo and Juliet.
Julius Caesar
The Taming of the Shrew, which is a farce.
Henry IV
All’s Well That Ends Well.
Much Ado About Nothing..
Coriolanus
Troilus and Cressida.
Anthony and Cleopatra
Timon of Athens
Cymbeline
The Two Gentleman of Verona.
Comedy of Errors.
The Tragedy of Titus Andronicus
The Merchant of Venice.
King Lear:
Othello:
Macbeth:
Hamlet:
The Tempest:
In the 17th century there were three important poetry schools
1- Metaphysical (Donne). 2- Cavelier (Ben Jonson). 3- Spencerian (Milton).
Cavaliers: Suckling—Thomas Carew—Richard Lovelace—Robert Herrick
Robert Greene
James Shirley
Important prose writers of the Renaissance:
Raphael Holinshed
Sir Thomas Brown
Robert Burton
Francis Bacon
John Bunyan (The Pilgrim’s Progress)
Thomas North
John Lyly
John Lyly: 1554 – 1606
Euphues (a novel)
Endimion-- Campaspe – comedies
Mother Bombie – Midas
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Idols of tribe, idols of cave, idols of market-place, idols of theatre - inductive
Averroist : double truth ( 1. reason 2.revelation )
Knowledge is power
1) The New Atlantis
2) The Advancement of Learning
3) The History of Henry VII
4) Novum Organum
5) Maxims of the Law
6) Essays
Izaak Walton 1593-1683
The Complete Angler
Lives (1640-78)
Samuel Butler 1612-80
Hudibras
Elephant in the Moon
Sir Thomas Browne 1605-82
Religio Medici
The Garden of Cyrus
Vulgar Errors
Urn Burial
Ben Jonson: (1572-1637)
He wrote 20 plays. father of criticism. poet [maker].
first Classicist. unity of action. first poet laureate.
((It nourishes & instructs our youth )). wrote 2 tragedies & 5 comedies. true founder of epigram. Sons of Ben
I wish he (Shakespeare) had “blotted a 1000[lines]”
Donne “for not keeping of accent, deserved hanging”
Horace’s Ars Poetica --Trans.
The Sad Shepherd, or A Tale of Robinhood : a pastoral
Timber or Discoveries: an anthology
Bartholomew Fair
To Penshurst -- To Chairs – To Himself
A Tale of a Tub: a comedy
Sejanus: his Fall
Eastward Hoe (collaborated with Marston & Chapman )
The Poetaster
Everyman in his Humor –a comedy
Everyman in out of his Humor–a comedy
Cynthia’s Revels
Volpone
Epicoene,or,The Silent Woman
The Alchemist
The Devil is an Ass
The Staple of News
The New Inne
George Chapman (1554- 1634):
stoic
Bussy D’Ambois
The Revenge of Bussy D’Ambois
Eastarard Hoe: ( with Marston & Jonson )
Homer (heroic poem)
Odessey
Ovid’s Banquet of Sense
Homer’s trans.
John Marston:
Antonio’s Revenge – Antonio & Mallida -
The Malcontent
Cyril Tourner : 1575- 1626.
The Revenger’s Tragedy
The Atheist Tragedy
Thomas Middleton: 1570- 1627.
A Trick to Catch the Old One
The Mad World – Michaelmes Terme –
The Roaring Girl – A Chaste Maid in Cheapside –
The Spanish Gipsy (a tragi-comedy)
John Ford :( 1586- 1639)
The Broken Heart
Tis Pity She’s a Whore
Thomas Heywood:
A Woman Killed with Kindness
The English Traveler
Thomas Kyd: 1558- 94: The Spanish Tragedy
George Peele: (1556-96)
The Old Wive’s Tale – The Arraignment of Paris
Thomas Dekker 1570 – 1632 :
Golden slumbers kiss your eyes
The Shoemaker’s Holiday –The Honest Whore – Old Fortunatus
Robert Greene : Friar Bacon & Friar Bungay
Nicholas Udall : Ralph Roister Doister
William Stevenson : Grammer Gorton’s Needle
Francis Beaumont & John Fletcher:
A King, No King
The Maid’s Tragedy
Thomas Norton & Thomas Sackville
Gorboduc or Ferrex & Porrex : first tragedy in 1561
John Webster: 1580- 1625
The White Devil – The Duchess of Malfi
Philip Massinger 1583- 1640:
A New Way to Pay Old Debts – The City Madman- The Maid of Honour – The Fatal Dowry
Sir William Davenant: 1606- 1668:
Love & Honor
Metaphysical Poets --- religious or secular
John Donne
Andrew Marvell
George Herbert
Richard Crashaw
Henry Vaughn
Traherne
Abraham Cowley
Commonwealth Period = Civil War = Puritan
1500 1649 1660
John Milton: 1608 -1674
On The Morning of Christ’s Nativity
L’Allegro
Il Penseroso
Arcades (a masque)
The Doctrine & Discipline of Divorce – Of Education
Of Reformation – Areopagitica- Image Breaker
Paradise Lost
Paradise Regained
Samson Agonistes
Lycidas
Comus, a Mask
John Bunyan
Pilgrim’s progress
4 The NeoClassical Period1660 – 1798
• Restoration
• Augustan
• Age of sensibility
Renaissance Augustan Romanticism
1550 1660 1700 1745 1798 1832
Restoration Age of sensibility
The Restoration
John Dryden 1631-1700
First great critic, the beginning of modern prose.
Alexander’s Feast
Song for Saint Cecilia’s Day
Conquest of Granada
Aureng-zebe
Don Sebastian
Astraea Redux
The Hind & the Panther
An Essay of Dramatic Poesy – Absalom & Achitophel – All for Love – The Model – Annus Mirabilis (The Year of Wonders) – To Anne Killigrew –Religio Laici
Marriage a-la-Mode
Mac Flecknoe
Fables: Ancient & Modern
George Etherege : 1634- 91
comedy of manners
Love in a Tub – She Would If She Could –
The Man of Mode – The Comical Revenge
William Congreve 1670- 1729:
The Way of the World-- The Old Bachelor –
The Double Dealer – Love for Love
William Wycherley: 1640-1716.
founder of the Restoration comedy
The Country Wife – The Plain Dealer –
Love in a Wood
The Gentleman Dancing-Master
Jeremy Collier 1650-1726:
A Short View of the Immorality & Profaneness of the English Stage
Thomas Shadwell (1642- 92): The Sullen Lovers-- Bury Fair
Sir John Vanbrugh (1667 -1726):
The Relaxed – The Provoked Wife – The Confederacy
Colley Cibber: 1671- 1757. Loves Last Shift
George Farquhar
Samuel Pepys
Commonwealth
or puritan period Augustan Romantic
1649 1660 1700 1745 1798 1832
Restoration Age of sensibility Victorian
1900-1901 1945
Modern
NOVEISTS
Daniel Defoe
Henry Fielding
Samuel Richardson
Tobias Smolett
Lawrence Stern
PHILOSOPHERS
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Izaak Newton
Dr. Samuel Johnson 1704-84
Vanity of Human Wishes – Rasselas
London– Life of Johnson (by Boswell) – Preface to Shakespeare – Lives of the English Poets—A Dictionary of the English Language--
The Idler- The Rambler
The Club (Burke – Goldsmith – Sir John Hawkins)
Edward Gibbon 1737- 1794:
The History of the Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire (98-1453)
Richard Steele 1772-96: sentimentalism
Funeral – The Lying Lover – The Tender Husband – The Conscious Lover
The Tatler
Joseph Addison 1672-1719: The Spectator
John Gay 1685-1737:
Beggar’s Opera – Fables – The Wife of Bath-- Three Hours After Marriage --Trivias, or The Art of Walking the Streets
Alexander Pope: 1688-1744
Essay on Man – Essay on Criticism
Eloisa to Abelard -- The Rape of The Locke – Windsor Forest – Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot – The Dunciad – Moral Essays
Trans. of Iliad & Odessey
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
A Tale of a Tub – A Modest Proposal –
Gulliver’s Travels
A Meditation upon a Broom-stick
The Battle of Books-- Journal to Stella –
Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift
Richard Brinsley Sheridan: 1751- 1816
The Rivals: (Mr. Malaprop)
The School for Scandal
The Critic
AGE OF SENSIBILITY
James Thomson 1700- 1748:
The Seasons – The Castle of Indolence –Hymn on Solitude – Rule Britannia – Tragedy of Sophonisba
Thomas Wharton 1728-1790:
The Pleasure of Melancholy
History of English Poetry
Ode on the Approach of Summer
William Collins: 1720 – 59:
Persian Eclogues / Oriental Eclogues.
Ode to Evening, Ode to Liberty, Ode to Simplicity,
Odes on Several Descriptive & Allegorical Subjects
Thomas Gray 1716-71:
Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College
Ode on Favorite Cat
An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
The Bard
The Progress of Poesy
Pindaric Odes
Edward Young 1683-1765:
The Complaint or Night Thoughts on Life, Death & Immortality
Love of Fame
William Cowper 1731-1800:
The Task
Robert Burns 1754-1796:
To a Mouse
A Red Red Rose
A SURVEY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE PART 2
Prepared by DR.NIKKHOO
Romanticism (1798-1832)
1- French Revolution
2- Nature
3- pessimistic
4- individual.
5- Inspiration
6- "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity" according to Wordsworth.
7- Industrial Revolution.
8- subjective ,nostalgic and melancholic, exotic.
9- strangeness in beauty.
10- Romantics believe in inspiration.
11- Keats says: if poetry comes not as naturally as the leaves to a tree, it had better not come at all.
12- strange fits of passion.
13- Loneliness: isolation.
14- language of the common people,
Some essayists of the Romantic period were Hazlitt and De Quincey.
William Blake (1757-1827)
Blake was a poet, mystic, artist, satirist, philosophical anarchist and engraver.
‘Milton without knowing it was on the side of Satan’.
All Religions Are One
There Is No Natural Religion,
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell,
America, A Prophecy,
Jerusalem
The Book of Thel.
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is in prose and verse. It is a satiric attack on the dichotomy of religions.
The Book of Thel is pantheistic
‘London’
‘Chimney Sweeper’
‘An Island in the Moon’,
‘Jerusalem’,.
‘Garden of Love’ written against spiritual corruption.
‘The Divine Image’
‘Clod and the Pebble’, clod is selfless love and pebble is selfish love.
William Wordsworth (1770-1850).
Lyrical Ballads
Ode: Intimations of Immortality,
The Solitary Reaper,
Daffodils,
Strange Fits of Passion,
The Tables Turned
Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey.
His master-piece is the Prelude, an autobiographical poem.
Ode: Intimations of Immortality
‘The World is So Much to Us’ .. anti-industrialization.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
He was a poet, critic, philosopher and dramatist.
collaborated with Wordsworth in ‘Lyrical Ballads’.
‘Biographia Literaria
Fancy= Mechanical
Primary Imagination
Secondary Imagination= Helps us understand the world.
‘Willing Suspension of Disbelief’:
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
Kubla Khan.
Christobel
Lord Byron (1788-1842)
He was an atheist, cynic, debauchee (corrupt), womanizer.
His most famous work is Don Juan.
The themes are:
1. The vanity of ambition.
2. The absurdities of lady intellectuals
3. The hypocrisy of Platonic love.
4. The paradox of love and marriage.
5. The basic savagery of men who struggle for self -perseverance.
6. The beauty of natural love.
7. The hollowness of glory.
8. The frailty of woman.
9. Inconsistency of man.
10. Hypocrisy and boredom of English society.
Child Harold’s Pilgrimage. in four cantos written in specerian stanza.
Manfred, a Faustian tragedy.
The Giaour (a non-muslim) is an eastern narrative about Leila
Cain: A Mystery is a poetic drama. a tragedy.
The Vision of Judgement.
Beppo: A Venetian Story
Child Harold’s Pilgrimage
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822).
He was an atheist, a radical, an idealist, a philosopher,a reformer and a romantic poet.
The Necessity of Atheism,.
He married Marry Shelly, the writer of Frankenstein (a gothic novel).
The Reputation of Deism in which he attacked Christianity.
Alastor, a blank verse romance
The Revolt of Islam which is an allegorical narrative poem about reform.
Mon Blanc symbol of beauty.
Prometheus Unbound is a closet drama.
Ode to the West Wind is about French Revolution.
John Keats (1795-1821)
He was a Romantic poet and wrote pure poetry. His themes are:
1. Beauty in art and art.
2. death wish
3. Happy and unhappy love.
4. The glamour of the classical past.
5. Art for art’s sake.
He was a forerunner of ‘art for art’s sake’
‘Endymion’
Ode on a Grecian Urn
La Belle Dame Sans Merci, which is a ballad of disillusionment.
Eve of Saint Agnes
Hyperion, which is modelled on Paradise Lost.
To Autumn
Victorian Age (1832-1901)
Jane Austen (1775-1817)
She lived in the Romantic period but was rather Victorian.
She wrote novels of manners.
Pride and prejudice,
Persuasion,
Emma
Mansfield Park
The first title of Pride & Prejudice was First Impression.
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)
a historian, an essayist,a critic and a social pamphleteer.
Past and Present
On Hero Worship and the Heroic in History
Sartor Resartos is a philosophical satire.
The French Revolution is a prose-poem.
History of Fredrick the Great
Portraits of His Contemporaries
Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)
A Victorian poet and poet-laureate of England.
In Memoriam is an elegy.
Ulysses, a dramatic monologue in blank verse, taken from Dante’s Inferno.
The Lady of Shallot
The Lotos-Eaters
The Idylls of the King … based on Arthurian legends.
Robert Browning (1812-1889)
He was called Mrs. Browning’s husband
My Last Duchess
The Bishop Orders His Tomb
Sordelo .
His wife, Elizabeth Barrette Browning (1806-1861) was Jamaican born
Sonnets from the Portuguese,
a novel in blank verse called Aurora Leigh.
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
He is a critic of Victorian period, its corruption ..
Oliver Twist,
Great Expectations,
David Copperfield (autobiographical).
Great Expectations is the story of Pip and Estella.
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)
novelist
Jane Eyre,
Shirley,
Villette
The Professor.
Jane Eyre
Emily Bronte (1818-1848)
Wuthering Heights. It is about Heathcliff and Catherine It is a gothic novel,a ghost story and a romance. It is a sado-masocistic novel.
George Eliot (1819-1880)
She was the first serious female novelist; the first philosophical novelist.
an essay called Silly Novels by Lady Novelists
The Mill on the Floss is about Maggie and Tom,
Middle March is about Dorothea Brook and her rebellion. It is her masterpiece
Silas Marner
Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
He was a poet and a critic. He is called the father of modern criticism
Touchstone Theory
‘literature is the criticism of life’.
called the Apostle of Culture.
Essays of Criticism. It is in 2 books.
‘Culture and Anarchy’
The Forsaken Merman is a poem in three parts.
Shakespeare
Empedocles on Etna
Tristram and Iseult
Sohrab and Rustum.
Dover Beach
Literature and Dogma
Merope, a Tragedy is a revenge tragedy.
Thyrsis is an elegy.
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
He was a Naturalist and a Victorian novelist.
Far From the Meddling Crowd
The Mayor of Casterbridge is about Michael Hencher.
Tess of the D’Urbervilles
Jude the Obscure is about Jude
The Dynasts
Wessex Poems
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
art for art’s sake
The Picture of Dorian Gray.
‘The Importance of Being Ernest’.
comedies:
1- Lady Windermere's Fan
2- A Woman of No Importance
3- An Ideal Husband
Ballad of Reading Gaol
The Critic as an Artist …. an essay.
Modernism
The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot and Ulysses by James Joyce.
The Great novelists of this period were Woolf, Joyce and Marcel Proust.
French Symbolism
Bernard Shaw’s The Quintessence of Ibsenism
Carl Marx
Imagism (Ezra Pound)
G.M. Hopkins (a priest).
formalism and emphasis on form
Feminism (Virginia Woolf).
The role of psychology and sexual freedom especially in works of D.H. Lawrence
pessimistic
fragmentary.
Stresses and anxieties.
Nietzsche
Harold Bloom… the age of Kafka
Theatre of absurd..Eugene Ionesco …and Becket’s Waiting for Godot,
German Expressionism
Naturalism Existentialism, Symbolism, Expressionism, Absurdism, Surrealism
Imagism.
Metaphysical poetry was revived in this period.
McCarthyism,
Cold War
Vietnam War.
Henry James (1843-1916)
American
His brother, William James, was a psychologist and wrote The Principles of Psychology and The Varieties of Religious Experience …introduced stream of consciousness.
1- Early period: his thoughts as an American living in Europe.
2- Second period: French naturalism.
3- Third period: Mature period.
His masterpiece is The Portrait of a Lady
The American
Daisy Miller
The Beast in the Jungle
The Ambassadors.
The Death of the Lion
The Real Thing
The Turn of the Screw is a ghost story
What Maisie Knew
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
Pygmalion.
He was influenced by Ibsen.
social reformer
The Quintessence of Ibsenism written in 1891 marks the beginning of modern British drama, in which he admires Ibsen
Mrs. Warren’s Profession
Saint Jone
Man and Superman
Arms and the Man.
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
The Heart of Darkness.
Lord Jim
Nigger of Narcissus
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
He is the second greatest English poet in the 20th century.
The Second Coming.
wrote verse dramas
the Noble Prize in 1923.
Easter 1916.
Sailing to Byzantium
The Lake Isle of Innisfree.
Cast a cold Eye
On Life on Death
Horseman Pass by
E. M. Forster (1879-1970)
He was a novelist, short story writer and essayist. He wrote 5 novels and was a member of Bloomsbury group.
Aspects of the Novel essays
A Passage to India
Howard’s End.
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)
Mrs. Dalloway,
To The Lighthouse
A Room of One’s Own
Modern Fiction which attacks conventions of reality.
poetic prose
‘The Hours’
Orlando
Room of One’s Own ……androgynous mind.
To the Lighthouse in 3 parts
Mrs. Dalloway
The Waves.
James Joyce (1882-1941)
very representative of modernism and a pioneer of modern novel,
Dubliners … short stories.
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is about Stephen Dedalus. ….. semi-autobiographical.
Exiles.
Ulysses
Finnegan’s Wake.
D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
He was a novelist, short story writer, critic, playwright and essayist.
‘Never trust the artist, trust the tale’.
Sons and Lovers
Lady Chatterley’s Lover
(The Rocking Horse Winner)
Why the Novel Matters
Snake
T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)
He was a critic, poet, dramatist and one of the most influential 20th century writer.
Tradition and the Individual Talent.
The Waste Land is a symbol of modern world and the emptiness of modern life. The theme is spiritual dryness and the decay of western civilization.
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
Macavity, Macavity, there's no one like Macavity,
He even breaks the law of gravity.
Journey of the Magi spiritual death and rebirth.
Eliot was a dramatist as well. His plays had religious themes. His most famous play is Murder in the Cathedral.
His other plays are The Family Reunion, The Cocktail Party and The Confidential Clerk.
The Hollow Men is an allusion to The Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. …..to Kurtz.
He wrote two essays about metaphysical poetry: 1- Metaphysical Poets, 2- Tradition and the Individual Talent.
The Sacred Wood is his most important critical book.
Aldous Huxley (1894-1963)
He was grandson of T. H. Huxley.
Point Counter Point,
Eyeless in Gaza,
Doors of Perception
Heaven and Hell
Brave New World is an allusion to Shakespeare’s The Tempest..
“Maybe this world is another planet’s Hell”.
“An intellectual is a person who has discovered something more interesting than sex”.
Samuel Beckett (1906-1989)
He was novelist, dramatist and short story writer.
Waiting for Godot. "Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it's awful!”. The other important theme is lack of communication…… the phenomenology of nothingness. It says modern life is meaningless and that modern man has lost the meaning of life
Endgame
More Pricks than Kicks
W. H. Auden (1907-1973)
He was a poet and dramatist. He was British but became an American citizen.
In Memory of W. B. Yeats.
The Unknown Citizen
The Age of Anxiety
His plays are The Dance of Death, and On the Frontier.
Musée des Beaux Arts is about a painting by Brughel
Iris Murdoch (1919-1999)
She was a philosopher and a novelist.
Under the Net,
The Sacred and Profane Love,
The Sea, the Sea
John Osborne (1929-1994)
Luther,
Damn You, England.
rebellion against institutions.
Look Back in Anger
‘There is no cause worth fighting for’.
Harold Pinter (1930- )
‘The drama of silence’
‘Between the Lines’.
His themes are 1- lack of communication, 2- mental disturbance, 3- Family hatred, 4- obsession and jealousy, 5- nameless menace, and 6- erotic fantasy.
His setting is usually a single room and the hero is usually threatened.
The Birthday Party
Tom Stoppard (1937- )
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
Jumpers
Travesties
Arcadia
Hapgood
Every Good Boy Deserves a Favour is a criticism of communism.
William Blake (1757-1827)
1. All Religions Are One/There Is No Natural Religion
2. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
3. For the Sexes: The Gates of Paradise
4. America
5. A Prophecy
6. Jerusalem
7. The Book of Thel
8. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
9. London
10. Chimney Sweeper
11. An Island in the Moon
12. Jerusalem
13. Garden of Love
14. The Divine Image
15. Clod and the Pebble
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
1. Ode: Intimations of Immortality
2. The Solitary Reaper
3. Daffodils
4. Strange Fits of Passion
5. The Tables Turned
6. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
7. Prelude
8. The World is Too Much With Us
9. We Are Seven
10. Solitary Reaper
11. Michael, A Pastoral Poem
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
1. Lyrical Ballads
2. Biographia Literaria
3. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
4. Kubla Khan
5. Christobel
Lord Byron (1788-1842)
1. Don Juan
2. Child Harold’s Pilgrimage
3. Manfred
4. The Giaour
5. Cain: A Mystery
6. The Vision of Judgement
7. Beppo: A Venetian Story
8. Child Harold’s Pilgrimage
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
1. The Necessity of Atheism
2. The Reputation of Deism
3. Alastor
4. The Revolt of Islam
5. Mon Blanc
6. Prometheus Unbound
7. Ode to the West Wind
John Keats (1795-1821)
1. Endymion
2. Ode on a Grecian Urn
3. La Belle Dame Sans Merci
4. Eve of Saint Agnes
5. Hyperion
6. Autumn
Jane Austen (1775-1817)
1. Pride & Prejudice
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)
1. Past and Present
2. On Hero Worship and the Heroic in History,
3. Sartor Resartos
4. The French Revolution
5. History of Fredrick the Great
6. Portraits of His Contemporaries
Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)
1. In Memoriam
2. Ulysses
3. The Lady of Shallot
4. The Lotos-Eaters
5. The Idylls of the King
Robert Browning (1812-1889)
1. My Last Duchess
2. The Bishop Orders His Tomb
3. Sordelo
Elizabeth Barrette Browning (1806-1861)
1. Sonnets from the Portuguese
2. Aurora Leigh
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
1. Great Expectations
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)
1. Jane Eyre
2. Shirley
3. Villette
4. The Professor
Emily Bronte (1818-1848)
1. Wuthering Heights
George Eliot (1819-1880)
1. Silly Novels by a Lady Novelist
2. The Mill on the Floss
3. Middle March
4. Silas Marner
Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
1. Essays of Criticism
2. Culture and Anarchy
3. The Forsaken Merman
4. Shakespeare
5. Empedocles on Etna
6. Tristram and Iseult
7. Sohrab and Rustum
8. Dover Beach
9. Literature and Dogma
10. Merope, a Tragedy
11. Thyrsis
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
1. Far From the Meddling Crowd
2. The Mayor of Casterbridge
3. Tess of the D’Urbervilles
4. Jude the Obscure
5. The Dynasts
6. Wessex Poems
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
1. The Picture of Dorian Gray
2. The Importance of Being Ernest
3. Lady Windermere's Fan
4. A Woman of No Importance
5. An Ideal Husband
6. Ballad of Reading Gaol
7. The Critic as an Artist
Henry James (1843-1916)
1. The Portrait of a Lady
2. The American
3. Daisy Miller
4. The Beast in the Jungle
5. The Ambassadors
6. The Death of the Lion
7. The Real Thing
8. The Turn of the Screw
9. What Maisie Knew
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
1. The Quintessence of Ibsenism
2. Pygmalion
3. Mrs. Warren’s Profession
4. Saint Jone
5. Man and Superman
6. Arms and the Man
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
1. Heart of Darkness
2. Lord Jim
3. Nigger of Narcissus
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
1. Easter, 1916
2. Sailing to Byzantium
3. The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
1. Fire and Ice
2. Road Not Taken
E. M. Forster (1879-1970)
1. A Passage to India
2. Howard’s End
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)
1. Orlando
2. Room of One’s Own
3. To The Lighthouse
4. Mrs. Dalloway
5. The Waves
James Joyce (1882-1941)
1. Dubliners
2. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
3. Exiles
4. Ulysses
5. Finnegan’s Wake
D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
1. Lady Chatterley’s Lover
2. Sons and Lovers
3. Lady Chatterley’s Lover
4. The Rocking Horse Winner
5. Why The Novel Matters
6. Snake
T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)
1. Tradition and the Individual Talent
2. The Waste Land
3. The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
4. Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
5. Journey of the Magi
6. Murder in the Cathedral
7. The Family Reunion
8. The Cocktail Party
9. The Confidential Clerk
10. The Hollow Men
11. Metaphysical Poets
12. The Sacred Wood
13. Four Quartets
Eugene O’Neil (1888-1953)
1. The Hairy Ape
2. The Emperor Jones
3. The Iceman Cometh
4. Desire Under the Elms
5. Mourning Becomes Electra
e. e. cummings (1894-1962)
1. anyone lived in pretty how town
Aldous Huxley (1894-1963)
1. Point Counter Point
2. Eyeless in Gaza
3. Doors of Perception
4. Heaven and Hell
5. Brave New World
Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
1. Tender is the Night
2. The Great Gatsby
William Cuthbert Faulkner (1897-1962)
1. The Bear
2. The Sound and The Fury
3. That Evening Sun
4. Absalom, Absalom
5. As I Lay Down, Light in August
6. Intruder in the Dust
Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977)
1. Lolita
2. Pale Fire
John Steinbeck (1902-1968)
1. The Grapes of Wrath
2. Of Mice and Men
3. Cannery Row
4. East of Eden
Samuel Barclay Beckett (1906-1989)
1. Waiting for Godot
2. Endgame
3. More Pricks Than Kicks
W. H. Auden (1907-1973)
1. In Memory of W B Yeats
2. The Unknown Citizen
3. The Age of Anxiety The Dance of Death,
4. On The Frontier
5. Musée des Beaux Arts
Tennessee Williams (1911-1983)
1. Glass Menagerie
2. Cat on the Hot Tin Roof
3. A Street Car Named Desire
Arthur Miller (1915-2005)
1. After the Fall
2. Death of a Salesman
3. The Tragedy and the Common Man
4. The Crucible
Iris Murdoch (1919-1999)
1. Under the Net,
2. The Sacred and Profane Love
3. The Sea, The Sea
John Osborne (1929-1994)
1. Luther
2. Damn You, England
3. Look Back in Anger
Harold Pinter (1930- )
1. Between the Lines
2. Birthday Party
3. Ashes to Ashes
4. Mountain Language
5. Remembrance of Things Past
Tom Stoppard (1937- )
1. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
2. Jumpers
3. Travesties
4. Arcadia
5. Hapgood
6. Every Good Boy Deserves A Favour
Prepared by DR.NIKKHOO
Romanticism (1798-1832)
1- French Revolution
2- Nature
3- pessimistic
4- individual.
5- Inspiration
6- "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity" according to Wordsworth.
7- Industrial Revolution.
8- subjective ,nostalgic and melancholic, exotic.
9- strangeness in beauty.
10- Romantics believe in inspiration.
11- Keats says: if poetry comes not as naturally as the leaves to a tree, it had better not come at all.
12- strange fits of passion.
13- Loneliness: isolation.
14- language of the common people,
Some essayists of the Romantic period were Hazlitt and De Quincey.
William Blake (1757-1827)
Blake was a poet, mystic, artist, satirist, philosophical anarchist and engraver.
‘Milton without knowing it was on the side of Satan’.
All Religions Are One
There Is No Natural Religion,
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell,
America, A Prophecy,
Jerusalem
The Book of Thel.
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is in prose and verse. It is a satiric attack on the dichotomy of religions.
The Book of Thel is pantheistic
‘London’
‘Chimney Sweeper’
‘An Island in the Moon’,
‘Jerusalem’,.
‘Garden of Love’ written against spiritual corruption.
‘The Divine Image’
‘Clod and the Pebble’, clod is selfless love and pebble is selfish love.
William Wordsworth (1770-1850).
Lyrical Ballads
Ode: Intimations of Immortality,
The Solitary Reaper,
Daffodils,
Strange Fits of Passion,
The Tables Turned
Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey.
His master-piece is the Prelude, an autobiographical poem.
Ode: Intimations of Immortality
‘The World is So Much to Us’ .. anti-industrialization.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
He was a poet, critic, philosopher and dramatist.
collaborated with Wordsworth in ‘Lyrical Ballads’.
‘Biographia Literaria
Fancy= Mechanical
Primary Imagination
Secondary Imagination= Helps us understand the world.
‘Willing Suspension of Disbelief’:
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
Kubla Khan.
Christobel
Lord Byron (1788-1842)
He was an atheist, cynic, debauchee (corrupt), womanizer.
His most famous work is Don Juan.
The themes are:
1. The vanity of ambition.
2. The absurdities of lady intellectuals
3. The hypocrisy of Platonic love.
4. The paradox of love and marriage.
5. The basic savagery of men who struggle for self -perseverance.
6. The beauty of natural love.
7. The hollowness of glory.
8. The frailty of woman.
9. Inconsistency of man.
10. Hypocrisy and boredom of English society.
Child Harold’s Pilgrimage. in four cantos written in specerian stanza.
Manfred, a Faustian tragedy.
The Giaour (a non-muslim) is an eastern narrative about Leila
Cain: A Mystery is a poetic drama. a tragedy.
The Vision of Judgement.
Beppo: A Venetian Story
Child Harold’s Pilgrimage
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822).
He was an atheist, a radical, an idealist, a philosopher,a reformer and a romantic poet.
The Necessity of Atheism,.
He married Marry Shelly, the writer of Frankenstein (a gothic novel).
The Reputation of Deism in which he attacked Christianity.
Alastor, a blank verse romance
The Revolt of Islam which is an allegorical narrative poem about reform.
Mon Blanc symbol of beauty.
Prometheus Unbound is a closet drama.
Ode to the West Wind is about French Revolution.
John Keats (1795-1821)
He was a Romantic poet and wrote pure poetry. His themes are:
1. Beauty in art and art.
2. death wish
3. Happy and unhappy love.
4. The glamour of the classical past.
5. Art for art’s sake.
He was a forerunner of ‘art for art’s sake’
‘Endymion’
Ode on a Grecian Urn
La Belle Dame Sans Merci, which is a ballad of disillusionment.
Eve of Saint Agnes
Hyperion, which is modelled on Paradise Lost.
To Autumn
Victorian Age (1832-1901)
Jane Austen (1775-1817)
She lived in the Romantic period but was rather Victorian.
She wrote novels of manners.
Pride and prejudice,
Persuasion,
Emma
Mansfield Park
The first title of Pride & Prejudice was First Impression.
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)
a historian, an essayist,a critic and a social pamphleteer.
Past and Present
On Hero Worship and the Heroic in History
Sartor Resartos is a philosophical satire.
The French Revolution is a prose-poem.
History of Fredrick the Great
Portraits of His Contemporaries
Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)
A Victorian poet and poet-laureate of England.
In Memoriam is an elegy.
Ulysses, a dramatic monologue in blank verse, taken from Dante’s Inferno.
The Lady of Shallot
The Lotos-Eaters
The Idylls of the King … based on Arthurian legends.
Robert Browning (1812-1889)
He was called Mrs. Browning’s husband
My Last Duchess
The Bishop Orders His Tomb
Sordelo .
His wife, Elizabeth Barrette Browning (1806-1861) was Jamaican born
Sonnets from the Portuguese,
a novel in blank verse called Aurora Leigh.
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
He is a critic of Victorian period, its corruption ..
Oliver Twist,
Great Expectations,
David Copperfield (autobiographical).
Great Expectations is the story of Pip and Estella.
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)
novelist
Jane Eyre,
Shirley,
Villette
The Professor.
Jane Eyre
Emily Bronte (1818-1848)
Wuthering Heights. It is about Heathcliff and Catherine It is a gothic novel,a ghost story and a romance. It is a sado-masocistic novel.
George Eliot (1819-1880)
She was the first serious female novelist; the first philosophical novelist.
an essay called Silly Novels by Lady Novelists
The Mill on the Floss is about Maggie and Tom,
Middle March is about Dorothea Brook and her rebellion. It is her masterpiece
Silas Marner
Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
He was a poet and a critic. He is called the father of modern criticism
Touchstone Theory
‘literature is the criticism of life’.
called the Apostle of Culture.
Essays of Criticism. It is in 2 books.
‘Culture and Anarchy’
The Forsaken Merman is a poem in three parts.
Shakespeare
Empedocles on Etna
Tristram and Iseult
Sohrab and Rustum.
Dover Beach
Literature and Dogma
Merope, a Tragedy is a revenge tragedy.
Thyrsis is an elegy.
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
He was a Naturalist and a Victorian novelist.
Far From the Meddling Crowd
The Mayor of Casterbridge is about Michael Hencher.
Tess of the D’Urbervilles
Jude the Obscure is about Jude
The Dynasts
Wessex Poems
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
art for art’s sake
The Picture of Dorian Gray.
‘The Importance of Being Ernest’.
comedies:
1- Lady Windermere's Fan
2- A Woman of No Importance
3- An Ideal Husband
Ballad of Reading Gaol
The Critic as an Artist …. an essay.
Modernism
The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot and Ulysses by James Joyce.
The Great novelists of this period were Woolf, Joyce and Marcel Proust.
French Symbolism
Bernard Shaw’s The Quintessence of Ibsenism
Carl Marx
Imagism (Ezra Pound)
G.M. Hopkins (a priest).
formalism and emphasis on form
Feminism (Virginia Woolf).
The role of psychology and sexual freedom especially in works of D.H. Lawrence
pessimistic
fragmentary.
Stresses and anxieties.
Nietzsche
Harold Bloom… the age of Kafka
Theatre of absurd..Eugene Ionesco …and Becket’s Waiting for Godot,
German Expressionism
Naturalism Existentialism, Symbolism, Expressionism, Absurdism, Surrealism
Imagism.
Metaphysical poetry was revived in this period.
McCarthyism,
Cold War
Vietnam War.
Henry James (1843-1916)
American
His brother, William James, was a psychologist and wrote The Principles of Psychology and The Varieties of Religious Experience …introduced stream of consciousness.
1- Early period: his thoughts as an American living in Europe.
2- Second period: French naturalism.
3- Third period: Mature period.
His masterpiece is The Portrait of a Lady
The American
Daisy Miller
The Beast in the Jungle
The Ambassadors.
The Death of the Lion
The Real Thing
The Turn of the Screw is a ghost story
What Maisie Knew
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
Pygmalion.
He was influenced by Ibsen.
social reformer
The Quintessence of Ibsenism written in 1891 marks the beginning of modern British drama, in which he admires Ibsen
Mrs. Warren’s Profession
Saint Jone
Man and Superman
Arms and the Man.
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
The Heart of Darkness.
Lord Jim
Nigger of Narcissus
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
He is the second greatest English poet in the 20th century.
The Second Coming.
wrote verse dramas
the Noble Prize in 1923.
Easter 1916.
Sailing to Byzantium
The Lake Isle of Innisfree.
Cast a cold Eye
On Life on Death
Horseman Pass by
E. M. Forster (1879-1970)
He was a novelist, short story writer and essayist. He wrote 5 novels and was a member of Bloomsbury group.
Aspects of the Novel essays
A Passage to India
Howard’s End.
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)
Mrs. Dalloway,
To The Lighthouse
A Room of One’s Own
Modern Fiction which attacks conventions of reality.
poetic prose
‘The Hours’
Orlando
Room of One’s Own ……androgynous mind.
To the Lighthouse in 3 parts
Mrs. Dalloway
The Waves.
James Joyce (1882-1941)
very representative of modernism and a pioneer of modern novel,
Dubliners … short stories.
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is about Stephen Dedalus. ….. semi-autobiographical.
Exiles.
Ulysses
Finnegan’s Wake.
D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
He was a novelist, short story writer, critic, playwright and essayist.
‘Never trust the artist, trust the tale’.
Sons and Lovers
Lady Chatterley’s Lover
(The Rocking Horse Winner)
Why the Novel Matters
Snake
T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)
He was a critic, poet, dramatist and one of the most influential 20th century writer.
Tradition and the Individual Talent.
The Waste Land is a symbol of modern world and the emptiness of modern life. The theme is spiritual dryness and the decay of western civilization.
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
Macavity, Macavity, there's no one like Macavity,
He even breaks the law of gravity.
Journey of the Magi spiritual death and rebirth.
Eliot was a dramatist as well. His plays had religious themes. His most famous play is Murder in the Cathedral.
His other plays are The Family Reunion, The Cocktail Party and The Confidential Clerk.
The Hollow Men is an allusion to The Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. …..to Kurtz.
He wrote two essays about metaphysical poetry: 1- Metaphysical Poets, 2- Tradition and the Individual Talent.
The Sacred Wood is his most important critical book.
Aldous Huxley (1894-1963)
He was grandson of T. H. Huxley.
Point Counter Point,
Eyeless in Gaza,
Doors of Perception
Heaven and Hell
Brave New World is an allusion to Shakespeare’s The Tempest..
“Maybe this world is another planet’s Hell”.
“An intellectual is a person who has discovered something more interesting than sex”.
Samuel Beckett (1906-1989)
He was novelist, dramatist and short story writer.
Waiting for Godot. "Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it's awful!”. The other important theme is lack of communication…… the phenomenology of nothingness. It says modern life is meaningless and that modern man has lost the meaning of life
Endgame
More Pricks than Kicks
W. H. Auden (1907-1973)
He was a poet and dramatist. He was British but became an American citizen.
In Memory of W. B. Yeats.
The Unknown Citizen
The Age of Anxiety
His plays are The Dance of Death, and On the Frontier.
Musée des Beaux Arts is about a painting by Brughel
Iris Murdoch (1919-1999)
She was a philosopher and a novelist.
Under the Net,
The Sacred and Profane Love,
The Sea, the Sea
John Osborne (1929-1994)
Luther,
Damn You, England.
rebellion against institutions.
Look Back in Anger
‘There is no cause worth fighting for’.
Harold Pinter (1930- )
‘The drama of silence’
‘Between the Lines’.
His themes are 1- lack of communication, 2- mental disturbance, 3- Family hatred, 4- obsession and jealousy, 5- nameless menace, and 6- erotic fantasy.
His setting is usually a single room and the hero is usually threatened.
The Birthday Party
Tom Stoppard (1937- )
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
Jumpers
Travesties
Arcadia
Hapgood
Every Good Boy Deserves a Favour is a criticism of communism.
William Blake (1757-1827)
1. All Religions Are One/There Is No Natural Religion
2. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
3. For the Sexes: The Gates of Paradise
4. America
5. A Prophecy
6. Jerusalem
7. The Book of Thel
8. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
9. London
10. Chimney Sweeper
11. An Island in the Moon
12. Jerusalem
13. Garden of Love
14. The Divine Image
15. Clod and the Pebble
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
1. Ode: Intimations of Immortality
2. The Solitary Reaper
3. Daffodils
4. Strange Fits of Passion
5. The Tables Turned
6. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
7. Prelude
8. The World is Too Much With Us
9. We Are Seven
10. Solitary Reaper
11. Michael, A Pastoral Poem
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
1. Lyrical Ballads
2. Biographia Literaria
3. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
4. Kubla Khan
5. Christobel
Lord Byron (1788-1842)
1. Don Juan
2. Child Harold’s Pilgrimage
3. Manfred
4. The Giaour
5. Cain: A Mystery
6. The Vision of Judgement
7. Beppo: A Venetian Story
8. Child Harold’s Pilgrimage
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
1. The Necessity of Atheism
2. The Reputation of Deism
3. Alastor
4. The Revolt of Islam
5. Mon Blanc
6. Prometheus Unbound
7. Ode to the West Wind
John Keats (1795-1821)
1. Endymion
2. Ode on a Grecian Urn
3. La Belle Dame Sans Merci
4. Eve of Saint Agnes
5. Hyperion
6. Autumn
Jane Austen (1775-1817)
1. Pride & Prejudice
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)
1. Past and Present
2. On Hero Worship and the Heroic in History,
3. Sartor Resartos
4. The French Revolution
5. History of Fredrick the Great
6. Portraits of His Contemporaries
Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)
1. In Memoriam
2. Ulysses
3. The Lady of Shallot
4. The Lotos-Eaters
5. The Idylls of the King
Robert Browning (1812-1889)
1. My Last Duchess
2. The Bishop Orders His Tomb
3. Sordelo
Elizabeth Barrette Browning (1806-1861)
1. Sonnets from the Portuguese
2. Aurora Leigh
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
1. Great Expectations
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)
1. Jane Eyre
2. Shirley
3. Villette
4. The Professor
Emily Bronte (1818-1848)
1. Wuthering Heights
George Eliot (1819-1880)
1. Silly Novels by a Lady Novelist
2. The Mill on the Floss
3. Middle March
4. Silas Marner
Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
1. Essays of Criticism
2. Culture and Anarchy
3. The Forsaken Merman
4. Shakespeare
5. Empedocles on Etna
6. Tristram and Iseult
7. Sohrab and Rustum
8. Dover Beach
9. Literature and Dogma
10. Merope, a Tragedy
11. Thyrsis
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
1. Far From the Meddling Crowd
2. The Mayor of Casterbridge
3. Tess of the D’Urbervilles
4. Jude the Obscure
5. The Dynasts
6. Wessex Poems
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
1. The Picture of Dorian Gray
2. The Importance of Being Ernest
3. Lady Windermere's Fan
4. A Woman of No Importance
5. An Ideal Husband
6. Ballad of Reading Gaol
7. The Critic as an Artist
Henry James (1843-1916)
1. The Portrait of a Lady
2. The American
3. Daisy Miller
4. The Beast in the Jungle
5. The Ambassadors
6. The Death of the Lion
7. The Real Thing
8. The Turn of the Screw
9. What Maisie Knew
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
1. The Quintessence of Ibsenism
2. Pygmalion
3. Mrs. Warren’s Profession
4. Saint Jone
5. Man and Superman
6. Arms and the Man
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
1. Heart of Darkness
2. Lord Jim
3. Nigger of Narcissus
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
1. Easter, 1916
2. Sailing to Byzantium
3. The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
1. Fire and Ice
2. Road Not Taken
E. M. Forster (1879-1970)
1. A Passage to India
2. Howard’s End
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)
1. Orlando
2. Room of One’s Own
3. To The Lighthouse
4. Mrs. Dalloway
5. The Waves
James Joyce (1882-1941)
1. Dubliners
2. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
3. Exiles
4. Ulysses
5. Finnegan’s Wake
D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
1. Lady Chatterley’s Lover
2. Sons and Lovers
3. Lady Chatterley’s Lover
4. The Rocking Horse Winner
5. Why The Novel Matters
6. Snake
T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)
1. Tradition and the Individual Talent
2. The Waste Land
3. The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
4. Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
5. Journey of the Magi
6. Murder in the Cathedral
7. The Family Reunion
8. The Cocktail Party
9. The Confidential Clerk
10. The Hollow Men
11. Metaphysical Poets
12. The Sacred Wood
13. Four Quartets
Eugene O’Neil (1888-1953)
1. The Hairy Ape
2. The Emperor Jones
3. The Iceman Cometh
4. Desire Under the Elms
5. Mourning Becomes Electra
e. e. cummings (1894-1962)
1. anyone lived in pretty how town
Aldous Huxley (1894-1963)
1. Point Counter Point
2. Eyeless in Gaza
3. Doors of Perception
4. Heaven and Hell
5. Brave New World
Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
1. Tender is the Night
2. The Great Gatsby
William Cuthbert Faulkner (1897-1962)
1. The Bear
2. The Sound and The Fury
3. That Evening Sun
4. Absalom, Absalom
5. As I Lay Down, Light in August
6. Intruder in the Dust
Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977)
1. Lolita
2. Pale Fire
John Steinbeck (1902-1968)
1. The Grapes of Wrath
2. Of Mice and Men
3. Cannery Row
4. East of Eden
Samuel Barclay Beckett (1906-1989)
1. Waiting for Godot
2. Endgame
3. More Pricks Than Kicks
W. H. Auden (1907-1973)
1. In Memory of W B Yeats
2. The Unknown Citizen
3. The Age of Anxiety The Dance of Death,
4. On The Frontier
5. Musée des Beaux Arts
Tennessee Williams (1911-1983)
1. Glass Menagerie
2. Cat on the Hot Tin Roof
3. A Street Car Named Desire
Arthur Miller (1915-2005)
1. After the Fall
2. Death of a Salesman
3. The Tragedy and the Common Man
4. The Crucible
Iris Murdoch (1919-1999)
1. Under the Net,
2. The Sacred and Profane Love
3. The Sea, The Sea
John Osborne (1929-1994)
1. Luther
2. Damn You, England
3. Look Back in Anger
Harold Pinter (1930- )
1. Between the Lines
2. Birthday Party
3. Ashes to Ashes
4. Mountain Language
5. Remembrance of Things Past
Tom Stoppard (1937- )
1. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
2. Jumpers
3. Travesties
4. Arcadia
5. Hapgood
6. Every Good Boy Deserves A Favour
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